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Marion Zimmer Bradley

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Marion Zimmer Bradley
BornMarion Eleanor Zimmer
(1930 -06-03)June 3, 1930
Albany, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 25, 1999(1999-09-25) (aged 69)
Berkeley, California, U.S.
Pen nameMorgan Ives, Miriam Gardner, John Dexter, Lee Chapman
OccupationNovelist, editor
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley
Alma materHardin-Simmons University (BA)
GenreFantasy, science fiction, science fantasy, historical fantasy
Notable worksThe Mists of Avalon, the Darkover series
Spouse
Robert Alden Bradley
​
​
(m. 1949; div. 1964)​

​
​
(m. 1964; div. 1990)​
ChildrenDavid Bradley, Moira Greyland, Mark Greyland
Website
mzbworks.com

Marion Eleanor Zimmer Bradley (June 3, 1930 – September 25, 1999) was an American author of fantasy, historical fantasy, science fiction, and science fantasy novels and is best known for the Arthurian fiction novel The Mists of Avalon and the Darkover series. She was noted for the feminist perspective in her writing.

Bradley began writing at the age of 17 and later graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hardin-Simmons University. She co-founded the Society for Creative Anachronism in 1966. She also served as the editor of the long-running Sword and Sorceress anthology series. She was posthumously awarded the World Fantasy Award for lifetime achievement in 2000.

Though Bradley remained popular during her lifetime, her reputation was posthumously marred when in 2014 it was revealed that she was guilty of child sexual abuse, and for allegedly assisting her second husband, convicted child abuser Walter Breen, in sexually abusing multiple unrelated children. Many science fiction authors have since publicly condemned Bradley.

Personal life

[edit]

Born Marion Eleanor Zimmer on June 3, 1930, she lived on a farm in Albany, New York, and began writing at the age of 17.[1] She was married to Robert Alden Bradley from October 26, 1949, until their divorce on May 19, 1964. They had a son, David Robert Bradley (1950–2008). During the 1950s she was introduced to lesbian advocacy organization the Daughters of Bilitis.[2]

After her divorce, Bradley married numismatist Walter H. Breen on June 3, 1964. They had a daughter, Moira Greyland, who is a professional harpist and singer,[3] and a son, Mark Greyland.[4] Moira's son, RJ Stern, is a college football player who was featured on season 5 of Last Chance U on Netflix.[5]

In 1965, Bradley graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene, Texas. Afterward, she moved to Berkeley, California, to pursue graduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley between 1965 and 1967. In 1966, with her brother Paul Edwin Zimmer, she helped found and name the Society for Creative Anachronism and was involved in developing several local groups, some in New York after her move to Staten Island.[6][7]

Bradley and Breen separated in 1979 but remained married. They also continued a business relationship and lived on the same street for over a decade. They officially divorced on May 9, 1990, the year Breen was arrested on child molestation charges after a 13-year-old boy reported that Breen had been molesting him for four years.[8] She had edited Breen's book Greek Love (published pseudonymously), which was dedicated to her (named simply as "[his] wife"), and in 1965 had contributed an article, "Feminine Equivalents of Greek Love in Modern Literature", to Breen's journal The International Journal of Greek Love.[9][10] She allegedly had knowledge of Breen's sexual interests and was said to have accepted his sexual abuse of a 14-year-old boy.[11]

Literary career

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Early work

[edit]

Bradley stated that when she was a child she enjoyed reading adventure fantasy authors such as Henry Kuttner, Edmond Hamilton, C.L. Moore, and Leigh Brackett,[12] especially when they wrote about "the glint of strange suns on worlds that never were and never would be". Her first novel and much of her subsequent work show their influence strongly. At 17, she began her first novel The Forest House, her retelling of Norma; she finished it before her death.[6]

Bradley made her first sale as an adjunct to an amateur fiction contest in Amazing Stories in 1949 with the short story "Outpost". "Outpost" was published in Amazing Stories Vol. 23, No. 12, the December 1949 issue; it had previously appeared in the fanzine Spacewarp Vol. 4, No. 3, in December 1948. Her first professional publication was a short story "Women Only", which appeared in the second (and final) issue of Vortex Science Fiction in 1953.[13] Her first published novel-length work was Falcons of Narabedla, first published in the May 1957 issue of Other Worlds.

Gay and lesbian pulp fiction

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Cover of I Am a Lesbian published by Bradley under the pseudonym Lee Chapman. Monarch Book, 1962.

Early in her career, writing as Morgan Ives, Miriam Gardner, John Dexter, and Lee Chapman, Bradley produced several works outside the speculative fiction genre, including gay and lesbian pulp fiction novels; I Am a Lesbian was published in 1962. Though relatively tame by today's standards, her novels were considered pornographic when published.[14]

Darkover

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Her 1958 novel The Planet Savers introduced the planet of Darkover, which became the setting of a popular series by Bradley and other authors. The Darkover milieu is a science fantasy fictional world, with science fiction as well as fantasy overtones: Darkover is a lost human colony where psi powers developed to an unusual degree, and work like magic, while technology has regressed to a more-or-less medieval stage. Bradley wrote many Darkover novels by herself, but in her later years collaborated with other authors for publication; her literary collaborators have continued the series since her death.[15]

Encouraging fan interaction

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Bradley took an active role in science fiction and fantasy fandom, promoting interaction with professional authors and publishers and making several important contributions to the subculture. In her teens she wrote letters to the pulp magazines of the time, such as the above-mentioned Amazing Stories and Thrilling Wonder Stories. Starting in the late 1940s and continuing in the 1950s and 1960s, she published her own fanzines, including Astra's Tower, Day*Star, and Anything Box. She also co-edited fanzines, including Ugly Bird with Redd Boggs, MEZRAB with her first husband Robert Bradley, and Allerlei with her second husband Walter Breen. Bradley contributed to several other fanzines, including The Gorgon and The Nekromantikon.[15]

For many years, Bradley actively encouraged Darkover fan fiction. She encouraged submissions from unpublished authors and reprinted some of it in commercial Darkover anthologies. This ended after a dispute with a fan over an unpublished Darkover novel of Bradley's that had similarities to one of the fan's stories. As a result, the novel remained unpublished and Bradley demanded the cessation of all Darkover fan fiction.[16]

Tolkien fandom

[edit]
See also: Tolkien fan fiction

In the 1970s, as part of the contemporary wave of enthusiasm for J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, she wrote an essay about Éowyn's supposed love for the hero Aragorn called "Of Men, Halflings, and Hero Worship" for the Astra's Tower fanzine.[17] She also penned two short fanfic stories about Arwen, publishing them in chapbook format. One story, "The Jewel of Arwen" (originally published in a different form in the fanzine I Palantir #2, August 1961), appeared in her professional anthology The Best of Marion Zimmer Bradley (1985), but was dropped from later reprints. She continued to contribute to different science fiction and fantasy fanzines and magazines throughout her career.[17][15]

Other work

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In 1966, Bradley became a co-founder of the Society for Creative Anachronism and is credited with coining the name of that group.[18]

Bradley was the editor of the long-running Sword and Sorceress anthology series, which encouraged submissions of fantasy stories featuring original and non-traditional heroines from young and upcoming authors. Although she particularly encouraged young female authors, she was not averse to including stories from men in her anthologies. Mercedes Lackey was one of many authors who first appeared in the anthologies. Bradley also maintained a large family of writers at her home in Berkeley, California. Following Bradley's death, the anthology was edited by Elizabeth Waters and continued until 2019.[19]

Her most famous single novel may be The Mists of Avalon,[20] a retelling of the Camelot legend from the point of view of Morgaine and Gwenhwyfar. It grew into a series of books and, like the Darkover series, the later novels are written with or by other authors and have continued to appear since Bradley's death.[21]

Bradley was posthumously awarded the World Fantasy Award for lifetime achievement in 2000.[22]

Child sex abuse allegations

[edit]

In 2000, shortly after Bradley's death, author Stephen Goldin, the stepfather of a boy who had been molested by Walter Breen, started a website claiming that Bradley had been fully aware of her husband's crimes and made no effort to report them or protect his victims.[23]

In 2014, Moira Greyland, the daughter of Bradley and Breen, accused Bradley of sexual abuse from the age of 3 to 12. In an email to The Guardian, Greyland said that she had not spoken out before because "I thought that my mother's fans would be angry with me for saying anything against someone who had championed women's rights and made so many of them feel differently about themselves and their lives. I didn't want to hurt anyone she had helped, so I just kept my mouth shut".[24]

Greyland also confirmed Goldin's statements by saying that Bradley was aware of her husband's behavior and chose not to report him.[23] Greyland reported that she was not the only victim and that she was one of the people who reported her father for child molestation, for which he received multiple convictions.[24][25][26]

In December 2017, Bradley's daughter published a detailed biography of her mother, including her pedophilia and sexual abuse, in a book entitled The Last Closet: The Dark Side of Avalon.[27]

Additionally, according to Greyland, Bradley assisted Breen (her husband at the time) in accessing and abusing multiple unrelated young boys, knowing he was a pedophile who was engaging in sexual contact with children as young as eight. Greyland states that Bradley and her live-in female partner (whom Greyland refers to as her step-mother) both admitted to knowledge of the abuse and purposefully avoided investigating, questioning, or notifying any authorities. Bradley was also accused of attempting to adopt a child whom Breen was interested in sexually.[28]

In response to these allegations, on July 2, 2014, Victor Gollancz Ltd, the publisher of Bradley's digital backlist, began donating all income from the sales of Bradley's e-books to the charity Save the Children.[29] Janni Lee Simner donated advances and royalties from her two Darkover short stories and, at the request of her husband, Larry Hammer, payment for his sale to Bradley's magazine, to the American anti-sexual assault organization Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network.[30]

A number of science fiction authors have publicly condemned Bradley. Among the first was John Scalzi, who expressed his horror within a day of the allegations being made public.[31] Hugo Award winner Jim C. Hines wrote that Bradley's positive effect on her readers and associates "makes the revelations about Marion Zimmer Bradley protecting a known child rapist and molesting her own daughter and others even more tragic."[32] G Willow Wilson, who, along with Bradley, is a fellow World Fantasy Award winner, said she was "speechless".[33] Diana L. Paxson, who collaborated with Bradley on a number of novels and who continued to write novels set in the Avalon Series after Bradley's death, said that she was "shocked and appalled to read Moira Greyland's posts about her mother... I never personally observed, nor had any reason to suspect, that (Bradley) was abusing either of her children."[34]

Religion

[edit]

While she was attending the College for Teachers (now University at Albany, SUNY) in Albany, Bradley became involved in Western esoteric tradition. She later completed a Rosicrucian correspondence course.[7]

In the late 1950s or early 1960s, Bradley and Walter H. Breen founded the Aquarian Order of the Restoration based on the work of Dion Fortune.[7][35] By 1961 she was formally initiating others, including Ramfis S. Firethorn.[36]: 313 [who?]

Bradley was active in Darkmoon Circle, which was founded in 1978 by several women who were members of her Aquarian Order of the Restoration. Bradley renovated her garage to provide a meeting room for Darkmoon Circle as well as for other local Pagan groups.[37] In 1981 Bradley, Diana L. Paxson, and Elisabeth Waters incorporated the Center for Non-Traditional Religion.[7]

In the 1990s Bradley said she would return to Christianity, telling an interviewer: "I just go regularly to the Episcopalian church ... That pagan thing ... I feel that I've gotten past it. I would like people to explore the possibilities."[38]

Death

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After suffering declining health for years, Bradley died at Alta Bates Medical Center in Berkeley on September 25, 1999, four days after suffering a heart attack.[1] Her ashes were later scattered at Glastonbury Tor in Somerset, England.[36]: 28–29 

Works

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Novels

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1970 German translation of Souvenir of Monique
  • Falcons of Narabedla (1957)
  • The Door Through Space (1961)
  • Seven from the Stars (1961)
  • The Colors of Space (1963)
  • Castle Terror (1965)
  • Souvenir of Monique (1967)
  • Bluebeard's Daughter (1968)
  • The Brass Dragon (1970)
  • In the Steps of the Master – The Sixth Sense #2 (1973) (based on the television series The Sixth Sense, created by Anthony Lawrence)
  • Hunters of the Red Moon (1973) (novelette)
  • The Jewel of Arwen (1974) (novelette)
  • The Parting of Arwen (1974) (novelette)
  • Can Ellen Be Saved? (1975) (adaptation of a teleplay by Emmett Roberts)
  • The Endless Voyage (1975)
  • Drums of Darkness (1976)
  • The Ruins of Isis (1978)
  • The Catch Trap (1979)
  • The Endless Universe (1979) (rewrite of The Endless Voyage)
  • The House Between the Worlds (1980)
  • Survey Ship (1980)
  • The Colors of Space (1983) (unabridged edition)
  • Night's Daughter (1985)
  • Warrior Woman (1985)
  • The Firebrand (1987)
  • Black Trillium (1990) (with Julian May and Andre Norton)
  • Lady of the Trillium (1995) (with Elisabeth Waters, initially uncredited)
  • Tiger Burning Bright (1995) (with Mercedes Lackey and Andre Norton)
  • The Gratitude of Kings (1997) (with Elisabeth Waters)

Short story collections

[edit]
  • The Dark Intruder and Other Stories (1964)
  • The Best of Marion Zimmer Bradley (1985)
  • Jamie and Other Stories (1988)
  • Marion Zimmer Bradley's Darkover (Darkover collection) (1993)

Series

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Atlantean series

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Avalon series

[edit]
Main article: Avalon series

Colin MacLaren series

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  • The Inheritor (1984)
  • Dark Satanic (1988) (published originally already in 1972 by Berkley Publishing Corporation, NY)
  • Witch Hill (1990) (published possibly already in 1972 by Greenleaf under the pseudonym Valerie Graves)
  • Heartlight (1998)

Shadow's Gate series

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(co-written by Archived 2018-07-15 at the Wayback Machine Rosemary Edghill (uncredited))

Darkover series

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Main articles: Darkover series and List of Darkover books
The Clingfire trilogy
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Modern Darkover
[edit]

(also known as The Children of Kings trilogy) (written by Deborah J. Ross)

Glenraven series

[edit]

(with Holly Lisle)

Survivors series

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(with her brother Paul Edwin Zimmer)

Omnibus editions

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  • The Children of Hastur (omnibus edition of The Heritage of Hastur and Sharra's Exile) (1982)
  • The Oath of Renuciates (omnibus edition of The Shattered Chain and Thendara House) (1984)
  • The Darkover Saga (a slipcase set containing Hawkmistress, Sharra's Exile; The Shattered Chain; Stormqueen!; Sword of Chaos) (1984)
  • The Ages of Chaos (omnibus edition of Stormqueen! and Hawkmistress!) (2002)
  • The Forbidden Circle (omnibus edition of The Spell Sword and The Forbidden Tower) (2002)
  • Heritage And Exile (omnibus edition of The Heritage of Hastur and Sharra's Exile) (2002)
  • The Saga of the Renunciates (omnibus edition of The Shattered Chain, Thendara House and City of Sorcery) (2002)
  • A World Divided (omnibus edition of Star of Danger, Winds of Darkover and The Bloody Sun) (2003)
  • First Contact (omnibus edition of Darkover Landfall and Two to Conquer) (2004)
  • To Save a World (omnibus edition of The Planet Savers and World Wreckers) (2004)

Anthologies

[edit]
  • The Best of Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine (1994)
  • The Best of Marion Zimmer Bradley's Fantasy Magazine – Vol. II (1995) (with Elisabeth Waters)

Darkover anthologies

[edit]

(edited by Marion Zimmer Bradley, with some short stories by her, but mostly by other writers)

Other anthologies

[edit]

Novels under pen names

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  • Writing under the pseudonym Lee Chapman
    • I Am a Lesbian (1962)
  • Writing under the pseudonym John Dexter
    • No Adam for Eve (1966)
  • Writing under the pseudonym Miriam Gardner
    • My Sister, My Love (1963)
    • Twilight Lovers (1964)
    • The Strange Women (1967)
  • Writing under the pseudonym Morgan Ives
    • Spare Her Heaven (1963)
    • Anything Goes (1964)
    • Knives of Desire (1966)

Poems

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  • The Maenads (1978)

Music

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  • Songs from Rivendell (a.k.a. The Rivendell Suite): music and arrangements for several poems from the novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien (1960) – included with other Tolkien songs on the CD "The Starlit Jewel" by the Celtic and Early Music Ensemble Brocelïande.
  • Songs of Darkover by Margaret Davis and Kristoph Klover from Brocelïande accompanied by the filk musicians Cynthia McQuillin and Jane Robinson is derived from the audiobook version of Music of Darkover and features two songs composed by MZB: "The Ballad of Hastur and Cassilda" and "The Outlaw"

Editorial positions

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Scholarly work

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  • Bradley, Marion Zimmer. "Feminine equivalents of Greek Love in modern fiction". International Journal of Greek Love, Vol. 1, No. 1. (1965). Pages 48–58.[10]
  • Checklist: A complete, cumulative checklist of lesbian, variant, and homosexual fiction in English (1960) and addenda (1961, 1962, 1963).
  • A Gay Bibliography (1975).
  • The Necessity for Beauty: Robert W. Chambers & the Romantic Tradition (1974)

Other works

[edit]

Bradley created several different fanzines, including The Anything Box (2 issues, 1959), Astra's Tower (5 issues, 1947–50), Astra's Tower, Special Leaflet (5 issues, 1952–62), Day*Star (28 issues, 1954–72), Fantasy Ambler (1 issue, 1962), Gemini, Jr. (1 issue, 1951), Gemini FAPA (3 issues, 1951–60), On the Ragged Edge (1 issue, undated), and Catch Trap (at least issues 89–106, early 1960s). She co-edited several other fanzines, including Allerlei (at least 17 issues, 1960–65, with Walter Breen), Anduril (1 issue, 1962, with David Bradley and Paul Zimmer), MEZRAB (7 issues, 1950–52, with Robert A. Bradley), and Ugly Bird (2 issues, 1956–59, with Redd Boggs).

She also contributed to The Ladder and The Mattachine Review. As Elfrieda or Elfrida Rivers, she contributed at least to the underground newspaper The East Village Other, the neo-Pagan periodical Green Egg and also Sybil Leek's Astrology Journal, where she wrote horoscopes and book reviews and had her own column as well as occasionally worked as editors with her husband Walter Breen.

Pseudonyms

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  • Lee Chapman
  • John Dexter
  • Miriam Gardner
  • Valerie Graves
  • Morgan Ives
  • Elfrieda Rivers (also Alfrida Rivers and Elfrida Rivers)
  • Astara Zimmer (also Astra Zimmer and Astra Zimmer Bradley)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Marion Zimmer Bradley, 69, Writer of Darkover Fantasies". The New York Times. 29 September 1999. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  2. ^ Passet, Joanne (2016-11-01). "Chapter Two: Becoming Gene Damon". Indomitable: The Life of Barbara Grier. Bella Books. ISBN 978-1594936647.
  3. ^ "Moira Greyland". Moira Greyland. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  4. ^ "Secret Keeper No More: An Interview With Mark Greyland". 2014-12-21. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  5. ^ Martin, Andrew (September 7, 2020). "Netflix's Last Chance U Underdog RJ Stern Discusses Football and What His Future Holds". Medium. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  6. ^ a b Paxson, Diana L. (Winter 1999). "The Priestess of Avalon: A Memoir of Marion Zimmer Bradley (1930-1999)". Sagewoman.
  7. ^ a b c d Paxon, Diana L. (Spring 1999). "Marion Zimmer Bradley and The Mists of 'Avalon'". Arthuriana. 9 (1): 111–126. JSTOR 27869424.
  8. ^ Serrano, Richard A. (October 3, 1991). "Rare Coins Expert Charged With Child Molestation". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2008.
  9. ^ Mader, Donald (2014). "Walter H. Breen". In Bullough, Vern L. (ed.). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 312–321. ISBN 978-1-317-76628-5.
  10. ^ a b Zimmer Bradley, Marion (1965). "Feminine equivalents of Greek love in modern fiction". International Journal of Greek Love. 1 (1): 48–58. Tragic denouements in such fiction, when they happen at all, arise either when the older woman fears or rejects such relationships, or when outsiders misunderstand them and break up the affairs, such as in actual cases of either gender.
  11. ^ Rothon, Robert (February 17, 2007). "For the love of coins, past lives and boys". Xtra!. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  12. ^ Edward James, "Bradley, Marion Zimmer", St. James Guide To Fantasy Writers, ed. David Pringle, St. James Press, 1996, ISBN 1-55862-205-5, p. 68-71.
  13. ^ Publication Listing – Title: Vortex Science Fiction Vol. 1, No. 2, Internet Speculative Fiction Database
  14. ^ "Marion Zimmer Bradley". www.nndb.com. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  15. ^ a b c "Collection - Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center". archives.bu.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
  16. ^ "The Contraband Incident: The Strange Case of Marion Zimmer Bradley." Coker, Catherine. 2011. – Transformative Works and Cultures, no. 6. doi:10.3983/twc.2011.0236. Texas A & M University, College Station, TX
  17. ^ a b Viars, Karen; Coker, Cait (2015). "Constructing Lothiriel: Rewriting and Rescuing the Women of Middle-Earth from the Margins". Mythlore. 33 (2): 35–48.
  18. ^ "... Marion Zimmer Bradley, came up with 'Society for Creative Anachronism' which quickly caught on." Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Sutherland, Doris V. (24 December 2019). "A Tarnished Legacy: The End of Marion Zimmer Bradley's Sword and Sorceress". Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  20. ^ Adrian, Jack (30 September 1999). "Obituary: Marion Zimmer Bradley". The Independent. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  21. ^ "Marion Zimmer Bradley Literary Works Trust". Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  22. ^ "World Fantasy Awards 2000". www.sfadb.com. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  23. ^ a b "Marion Zimmer Bradley: In Her Own Words". Stephen Goldin. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-10-21.
  24. ^ a b Flood, Alison (June 27, 2014). "SFF community reeling after Marion Zimmer Bradley's daughter accuses her of abuse". The Guardian. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  25. ^ Rosenberg, Alyssa (June 27, 2014). "Re-reading feminist author Marion Zimmer Bradley in the wake of sexual assault allegations". Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  26. ^ Seidl, Christian (June 29, 2014). "Hat die Avalon-Autorin ihre Tochter missbraucht?". Bild. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
  27. ^ Greyland, Moira (2017-12-17). "Chapter 1: The Closet is Built: My Mother's Early Life (1930–1949)". The Last Closet: The Dark Side of Avalon. Castalia House. ISBN 9789527065204.
  28. ^ "Marion Zimmer Bradley and Child Abus". marionzimmerbradley.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Marion Zimmer Bradley". Victor Gollancz Ltd. July 2, 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
  30. ^ "On doing a thing I needed to do". Janni Lee Simner. June 13, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  31. ^ "This is horrible: Marion Zimmer Bradley's daughter alleges she was molested by her mother". John Scalzi. June 13, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  32. ^ "Rape, Abuse, and Marion Zimmer Bradley". Jim C. Hines. June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  33. ^ "I'm speechless about this news re: Marion Zimmer Bradley. I can forgive artists for falling short of their ideals, but not for CHILD ABUSE". G. Willow Wilson. June 25, 2014. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  34. ^ "Marion Zimmer Bradley". Diana L. Paxson. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on April 28, 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
  35. ^ Guiley, Rosemary, ed. (2010-05-12). "Bradley, Marion Zimmer (1930 - 1999)". The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9781438126845.
  36. ^ a b Rabinovitch, Shelley; Lewis, James, eds. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. Citadel Press. ISBN 9780806524078.
  37. ^ "The Fellowship of the Spiral Path Clergy Training Program: Handbook". 2014-12-27. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  38. ^ Oliver, Myrna (1999-09-30). "Marion Bradley; Writer of Fantasy Novels". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
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